Acid Rain —why it is a concern Issued March EPA / This document replaces the EPA Information Sheet No. 22, ‘Acid Rain’ (January ). It explains what acid rain is and the adverse affects it has upon humans and the environment, and provides information on how acid rain can be reduced. Introduction Jul 14, · Acid rain is any form of precipitation that contains acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid. Acid rain affects nearly everything: plants, soil, trees, buildings and even statues Define acid. acid synonyms, acid pronunciation, acid translation, English dictionary definition of acid. n. 1. dissolved in water. They also react, in solution, with bases and certain metals to form salts. Acids turn blue litmus paper red, have a sour taste, and have a pH of less than 7. Compare base. acidic acid rain. n → saurer
Sulfuric acid - Wikipedia
Sulfuric acid American spelling or sulphuric acid Commonwealth spellingalso known as oil of vitriolis a mineral acid rain paper composed of the elements sulfuroxygen and hydrogen acid rain paper, with the molecular formula H 2 SO 4.
It is a colorless, odorless and viscous liquid that is miscible with water. Pure sulfuric acid does not exist naturally on Earth due to its strong acid rain paper to water vapor ; for this reason, it is hygroscopic and readily absorbs water vapor from the air. Phosphorus pentoxide is a notable exception of not being affected by the acid's dehydrating property, which reversely dehydrates sulfuric acid to sulfur trioxide.
Upon addition of sulfuric acid to water, a considerable amount of heat is released; thus the reverse procedure of adding water to the acid should not be performed since the heat released may boil the solution, spraying droplets acid rain paper hot acid during the process. Upon contact with body tissue, sulfuric acid can cause severe acidic chemical burns and even secondary thermal burns due to dehydration. Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and a nation's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength.
It is most commonly used in fertilizer manufacture, [10] but is also important in mineral processingacid rain paper, oil refiningwastewater processingand chemical synthesis. It has a wide range of end applications including in domestic acidic drain acid rain paper[11] as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteriesin dehydrating a compound, and in various cleaning agents.
Sulfuric acid can be obtained by dissolving sulfur trioxide in water. The Other concentrations are used for different purposes. Some common concentrations are: [12] [13]. Sulfuric acid reacts with its anhydride, SO 3to form H 2 S 2 O 7called pyrosulfuric acidfuming sulfuric acidDisulfuric acid or oleum or, less commonly, Nordhausen acid, acid rain paper.
Pure H 2 S 2 O 7 is a solid with melting point of 36 °C. Pure sulfuric acid is a viscous clear liquid, like oil, and this explains the old name of the acid 'oil of vitriol'. Commercial sulfuric acid is sold in several different purity grades. Technical grade H 2 SO 4 is impure and often colored, but is suitable for making fertilizer. Pure grades, such as USP gradeare used for making pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs.
Analytical grades are also available. Anhydrous H 2 SO 4 is a very polar liquid, having a dielectric constant of around It has a high electrical conductivitycaused by dissociation through protonating itself, a process known as autoprotolysis, acid rain paper.
The equilibrium constant for the autoprotolysis is [16]. It is also an excellent solvent for many reactions. Because the hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermicdilution should always be performed by adding the acid to the water rather than the water to the acid. This reaction is best thought of as the formation of hydronium ions:.
K a1 and K a2 are the acid dissociation constants. Because the hydration of sulfuric acid is thermodynamically favorable, its affinity for water is quite strong; therefore, sulfuric acid is an excellent dehydrating agent. Concentrated sulfuric acid has a very powerful dehydrating property, removing water H 2 O from other chemical compounds including sugar and other carbohydrates and producing carbonheatand steam.
In the laboratorythis is often demonstrated by mixing table sugar sucrose into sulfuric acid. The sugar changes from white to dark brown and then to black as carbon is formed. A rigid column of black, porous carbon will emerge as well. The carbon will smell strongly of caramel due to the heat generated.
Similarly, acid rain paper, mixing starch into acid rain paper sulfuric acid will give elemental carbon and water as absorbed by the sulfuric acid which becomes slightly diluted. The effect of this can be seen when concentrated sulfuric acid is spilled on paper, which is composed of cellulose ; the cellulose reacts to give a burnt appearance, the carbon appears much as soot would in a fire.
Although less dramatic, the action of the acid on cottoneven in diluted form, will destroy the fabric. The reaction with copper II sulfate can also demonstrate the dehydration property of sulfuric acid. The blue crystal is changed into white powder as water is removed.
As an acid, sulfuric acid reacts with most bases to give the corresponding sulfate. For example, the blue copper salt copper II sulfatecommonly used for electroplating and as a fungicide acid rain paper, is prepared by the reaction of copper II oxide with sulfuric acid:.
Sulfuric acid can also be used to displace weaker acids from their salts. Reaction with sodium acetatefor example, displaces acetic acidCH 3 COOHacid rain paper, and forms sodium bisulfate :. Similarly, reacting sulfuric acid with potassium nitrate can be used to produce nitric acid and a precipitate of potassium bisulfate.
This type of reaction, where protonation occurs on an oxygen atom, is important in many organic chemistry reactions, acid rain paper, such as Fischer esterification and dehydration of alcohols. The above reaction is thermodynamically favored due to the high bond enthalpy of the Si—F bond in the side product. Even dilute sulfuric acid reacts with many metals via a single displacement reaction, like other typical acidsproducing hydrogen gas and salts the metal sulfate.
It attacks reactive metals metals at positions above copper in the reactivity series such as ironaluminiumzincmanganeseacid rain paper, magnesiumacid rain paper nickel. Concentrated sulfuric acid can serve as an oxidizing agentreleasing sulfur dioxide: [6]. Lead and tungstenhowever, are resistant to sulfuric acid.
Hot concentrated sulfuric acid oxidizes carbon [21] as bituminous coal and sulfur :. It reacts with sodium chlorideand gives hydrogen chloride gas and sodium bisulfate :. Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with sulfuric acid to give the corresponding sulfonic acids : [22].
Pure sulfuric acid is not encountered naturally on Earth in anhydrous form, due to its great affinity for water. Dilute sulfuric acid is a constituent of acid rainwhich is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the presence of water — i. When sulfur-containing fuels such as coal or oil are burned, sulfur dioxide is the main byproduct besides the chief products carbon oxides and water.
Sulfuric acid rain paper is formed naturally by the oxidation of sulfide minerals, such as iron sulfide. The resulting water can be highly acidic and is called acid mine drainage AMD or acid rock drainage ARD.
This acidic water is capable of dissolving metals present in sulfide ores, which results in brightly colored, toxic solutions. When iron III oxidation of pyrite occurs, the process can become rapid. pH values below zero have been measured in ARD produced by this process.
ARD can also produce sulfuric acid at a slower rate, acid rain paper, so that the acid neutralizing capacity ANC of the aquifer can neutralize the produced acid, acid rain paper. In such cases, acid rain paper total dissolved solids TDS concentration of the water can be increased acid rain paper the dissolution of minerals from the acid-neutralization reaction with the minerals. Sulfuric acid is used as a defense by certain marine species, for example, the phaeophyte alga Desmarestia munda order Desmarestiales concentrates sulfuric acid in cell vacuoles.
In the stratospherethe atmosphere's second layer that is generally between 10 and 50 km above Earth's surface, sulfuric acid is formed by the oxidation of volcanic sulfur dioxide by the hydroxyl radical : [24]. Because sulfuric acid reaches supersaturation in acid rain paper stratosphere, acid rain paper, it can nucleate aerosol particles and provide a surface for aerosol growth via condensation and coagulation with other water-sulfuric acid aerosols.
This results in the stratospheric aerosol layer. The permanent Venusian clouds produce a concentrated acid rain, as the clouds in the atmosphere of Earth produce water rain.
Sulfuric acid is produced from sulfuroxygen and water via the conventional contact process DCDA or the wet sulfuric acid process WSA, acid rain paper. The sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide by oxygen in the presence of a vanadium V oxide catalyst.
This reaction is reversible and the formation of the sulfur trioxide is exothermic. The oleum is then diluted with water to form concentrated sulfuric acid. Directly dissolving SO 3 in water is not practiced. or, alternatively, hydrogen sulfide H 2 S gas is incinerated to SO 2 gas:. The sulfur dioxide then oxidized to sulfur trioxide using oxygen with vanadium V oxide as catalyst.
The sulfur trioxide is hydrated into sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 :. A method that is the less well-known is the metabisulfite method, in which metabisulfite is placed at the bottom of a beaker and The completion of the reaction is indicated by the ceasing of the fumes. This method does not produce an inseparable mist, which is quite convenient. Burning sulfur together with saltpeter potassium nitrateKNO 3in the presence of steam, has been used historically. As saltpeter decomposes, it oxidizes the sulfur to SO 3which combines with water to produce sulfuric acid.
Alternatively, dissolving sulfur dioxide in an aqueous solution of an oxidizing metal salt such as acid rain paper II or iron III chloride:, acid rain paper.
Acid rain paper less well-known laboratory methods of producing sulfuric acid, albeit in dilute form and requiring some extra effort in purification. More costly, dangerous, and troublesome yet novel is the electrobromine method, which employs a mixture of sulfurwater, and hydrobromic acid as the electrolytic solution. The sulfur is pushed to bottom of container under the acid solution, acid rain paper. Overall, only the sulfur and water are converted to sulfuric acid omitting losses of acid as vapors :.
Prior tomost sulfuric acid was manufactured by the lead chamber process. Acid rain paper the early to mid 19 th century "vitriol" plants existed, among other places, in Prestonpans in Scotland, Shropshire and the Lagan Valley in County Antrim Ireland, where it was used as a bleach for linen. Early bleaching of acid rain paper was done using lactic acid from sour milk but this was a slow process and the use of vitriol sped up the bleaching process.
Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and indeed, a nation's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. Acid rain paper major use for sulfuric acid is in the "wet method" for the production of phosphoric acidused for manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. In this acid rain paper, phosphate rock is used, and more than million tonnes are processed annually.
This raw material acid rain paper shown below as fluorapatitethough the exact composition may vary. The HF is removed as hydrofluoric acid.
The overall process can be represented as:. Ammonium sulfatean important nitrogen fertilizer, is most commonly produced as a byproduct from coking plants supplying the acid rain paper and steel making plants. Reacting the ammonia produced in the thermal decomposition of coal with waste sulfuric acid allows the ammonia to be crystallized out as a salt often brown because of iron contamination and sold into the agro-chemicals industry.
Another important use for sulfuric acid is for the manufacture of aluminium sulfateacid rain paper, also known as paper maker's alum. This can react with small amounts of soap on paper pulp fibers to give gelatinous aluminium carboxylateswhich help to coagulate the pulp fibers into a hard paper surface, acid rain paper.
It is also used for making aluminium hydroxidewhich is used at water treatment plants to filter out impurities, as well as to improve the taste of the water.
Acid Rain
, time: 4:15Acid Rain: Scourge of the Past or Trend of the Present? | NSF - National Science Foundation
Sulfuric acid (American spelling) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling), also known as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with the molecular formula H 2 SO blogger.com is a colorless, odorless and viscous liquid that is miscible with water.. Pure sulfuric acid does not exist naturally on Earth due to its strong affinity to water vapor; for this Mar 04, · Effects of acid rain on aquatic life. The action of acid rain causes harmful elements like mercury and aluminium to be leached from the soil and rocks and it is then carried into the lakes where aquatic life may be affected. Warning signs have been posted at several lakes, telling about the dangers of eating fish which may have been poisoned by mercury. Just as the soil has a natural ability Define acid. acid synonyms, acid pronunciation, acid translation, English dictionary definition of acid. n. 1. dissolved in water. They also react, in solution, with bases and certain metals to form salts. Acids turn blue litmus paper red, have a sour taste, and have a pH of less than 7. Compare base. acidic acid rain. n → saurer
No comments:
Post a Comment